The Benefits Of Implementing Effective Hse Policies Commerce Essay

The Benefits Of Implementing Effective Hse Policies Commerce EssayThis report highlights the benefits of effectual wellness and safety policies and practises. It presents a causal agent subject area phoner that give awaylines the importance of instrumenting a secure and effective HSE policy which nookie be initiated in other small to strength sized crude companies.The major resolution of the geek study is that the case study ships company believed that improving wellness and safety was vital to operational risk guidance and business growth and as such went further to implement it. The key motivator for this initiative was the speak to incurred by the company involving an oil spill hap in 2004.It was in like manner discovered that the case study company did not keep a systematic nor comprehensive temper of the costs or benefits of the companys operations prior to the 2004 incident. This prompted a change of HSE policy that benefited the company in call of ontogene sisd productivity and reducing of employee absence.20052006200720082009Personnel absent receivable to ill health and injuries %35.0032282010Hospital bills incurred by company $55,00050,00042,00030,00020,000Company productivity%5558626974The implementation and constant supervision of HSE practices within an organisation will forever and a day be of benefit to the management and stakeholders as count onn in the case of the CNC Oil Company the case study company for this report.NOTEThe CNC Oil Company, which is the case study company in this report, DOES NOT EXIST. This company was made up to highlight the benefits of implementing an effective HSE policy, demonstrating that good HSE practices are essential to the growth and productivity of businesses involving small to medium sized oil companies.ABBREVIATIONSSMOCs Small to Medium sized Oil CompaniesHSE Health, Safety and EnvironmentSMO Small to Medium sized OilASSUMPTIONSALL FIGURES AND TABLES IN THIS brood WERE ASSUMED FOR THE PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT.1.0 INTRODUCTIONOperational risks are associated with our ein truthday business lives in the oil and gas industry. Sometimes we take risks knowingly and other times, unknowingly. The likelihood of operational harm and disasters are influenced by the attitude to risk taken by employers and employees alike.BACKGROUNDThis case study have been prepared to help bring up the responsibility for health, safety of lives and environment within the small and medium-sized oil companies (SMOC). The report will be taking a look at some of the positives that result from good and effective management of health and safety in the workplace.This report cuts across-The necessity to raise a case for health and safety make betterments in lay for the present day SMO companies around the world to become aware of the benefits in putting in place good and effective health and safety managementReaching a whole lot of other small to medium-sized oil companies, making them aware that h ealth and safety is infact good for business.It is as important to see and plan for accidents, work related ill health and environmental hazards and destruction, as well as enjoy the benefit of effective health and safety management. many a(prenominal) oil and gas companies classified as small to medium sized fail to see this beca use up they think it is too high leveled and are mainly have-to doe with or so the cost of risk management and prevention. Owing to this factor, there is a consortency to see a handful of fully worked up examples of cost and benefits of health and safety within the small to medium sized oil or gas companies.AIMS AND SCOPE OF THIS REPORTThe aim of this report is to produce a case study that emphasizes the benefits of implementing health and safety policies and practices to small and medium sized oil and gas companies. A persuasive case study is subsequently put in place to highlight the management of specific risks and modifyd employee involvement in S MOCs.2.0 DISCUSSIONIt is extremely important to establish a business case for managing health and safety standards both for policy and practical purposes. Publishing clear business cases would very much make other companies try to implement and keep up safe and desirable working(a) conditions. Looking at most major accidents occurring with the small to medium sized oil companies (SMOC) it is visible that these accidents happen due to ignorance of HSE policies and procedures and due to the low priority given to health and safety issues in these SMOCs. In Nigeria, the major cause for alarm is the increasing rate of poor occupational health and environmental hazards. These companies tend to neglect the importance of preserving the environment and turn their eyes from the effect this will have on the health of personnel and locals alike.Highlighting the oil spill in a village called Oloibiri, in the Niger Delta region which occurred in June 2004 spilling approximately 20,000barrels of crude it shows clearly how much importance is given to this sector. The village of Oloibiri and its b place neighborhood have yet to recover from this spill which was actually an abandoned project of a major oil company but subcontracted to CDC oil company a smaller contractor oil company for well housebound (name of major oil company with-held for security reasons). The CNC Oil Company had failed to make use of standard shut in equipments and they had failed to hold out maintenance on their project neglecting simple HSE practices thereby subjecting this entire village and its surrounding neighborhood to this harmful condition. During investigation into the cause of the spillage, it was discovered that the subcontractors failed to use standard piping materials and also failed to carry out regular maintenance on the operation.The Niger Delta region is constantly chthonic incessant oil spill threat resulting from rusty sub-standard pipes that are being used by the contractor comp anies all in order to make to a greater extent profit while neglecting their responsibilities in the department of health and safety and the June 2004 incident highlights this.While the negative impact caused by CNC Oil Companys lack of responsibility is very visible, it is important to take note that there was not a committee that kept the company in check. It is either they did not exist or their leave and military group was perhaps, greatly undermined.Operational and industrial accidents create a lot of distress and grief to all parties involved, from huge financial costs to negative publicity to which the subcontractor company can testify to. The suppliers, managers, local residents, shareholders employees and all other stakeholders are all interested and concerned when these industrial accidents occur since the oil company has to walk out a balance between the different interests of these stakeholders.Lessons are sometimes learnt the hard way. It may take a lot of reduction in employee work rate, increase in recorded absentees from work, reduction in clients, and bad publications to ring the wakeup call for the implementation of effective HSE policies which was the case with the subcontractor company.3.0 LESSONS LEARNT AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE FUTUREIt is never enough to carry out extensive investigations on the safety records of most SMOCs. Many of these small to medium sized oil companies usually adopt general health and safety methods which can only be demonstrated by management systems but cannot be proven due to poor record keeping. They fail to review these general methods and tend not to improve their HSE policies as it affects their companies, or they may just choose to ignore safety standards like the case involving the CNC Oil Company in June 2004.3.1 temperament OF THE BUSINESS CASESMOCs do not generally do full quantitative cost benefit analysis and it is therefore not clear if they engage it to be convinced of the case in difficult fi nancial terms (Antonelli, Baker, Mcmahon and wright, 2006). An interesting and significant point that unites the SMOCs and the larger oil and gas companies is that the smaller companies also take risk management very serious. They are motivated to improve the health and safety of their personnel when the benefits are presented before them but are not always in the position to invest heavily towards this.The general key motivating issues aremaintaining good reputationhigher productivity especially reduction in absence of personnelContaining cost of insuranceAbiding by the HSE laws, hereby preventing the likelihood of local HSE organizations taking any kind of actions against themMeeting the demands of the clientsAvoiding the cost of accidents and remedial approaches.The case study company operates as a contractor company for larger oil companies. They provide services including well abandonment and shut-in operations. The perception of low health and safety risk in a company can dri ve clients to other companies with better track record in the HSE department to carry out their operations thereby increasing the need to implement good HSE policies in companies while bearing in mind that up to(predicate) time and finance is needed to achieve this in higher standards. The case study company in this report implemented new HSE policies which are regarded by organizations as an appropriate course of action to bring business benefits and health and safety improvement. (See appendix).IDENTIFYING THE BENEFITS AND THE COSTS.In any business, there is need to keep a large(p) record of company operations and HSE policies, as this is very essential to further improvements and growth of the company. The CNC Oil Company failed to keep this kind of record before the incident occurred in 2004 and were faced with the consequences. Many of the SMOCs in Nigeria do not have a predefined budget for health and safety in their initial stages because they did not touch sensation the n eed to justify such information. This makes it difficult for them to track back how much have been spent or gained in relation to good and effective HSE practices and how to improve further their reputation in this aspect. The Table below depicts the record of CNC Oil Company after the 2004 accident.20052006200720082009Personnel absent due to ill health and injuries %35.0032282010Hospital bills incurred by company $55,00050,00042,00030,00020,000Company productivity%5558626974Table 1. Summarised record of CNC Oil Company in 4yearsAs represented by the table above, CNC Oil Company benefited from the introduction of a new HSE policy and strict love to the policy by both the employers and the employees played a vital role in the success they have incurred as at 2009. Therefore, Presenting the financial benefits in terms of reduction in absence rates, business interruption by locals due to accidents and operations that impact negatively to the health and environmental safety of their la nds and families, productivity, better reputation, more than clients etc, may help alter the attitudes towards health and safety, showing that it is not simply a compliance or personnel welfare issue (Antonelli, Baker, Mcmahon and wright, 2006).CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE FUTUREHSE contractors and departments in various companies must emphasize the importance of improving the health and safety standards of employees and also work out policies to safeguard the surrounding environment in order to contribute to the growth of the company and the community where they are situated.With this in mind, thoughtfulnesss can be given to the following in the futureIn the case of the Nigerian oil spill in the Niger delta region, a health, safety and environment governmental body should be put in place and given adequate tools and power to clamp down on companies that do not regard or follow health and safety rules and regulations in their operations inside the Nigerian bump intoSmall to medium size d oil companies should evaluate the impact of the case studies who they work for, who they dont work for and, Baker, why (Antonelli Mcmahon and wright, 2006)Educate and train staff and company contractors about the influence that good or effective and bad or in-effective health and safety practices may bring to the companyConsider the potential for drawing on the extensive knowledge and experience of the health and safety inspectors to identify small to medium sized oil companies who manage health and safety well (Antonelli Mcmahon and wright, 2006) constrain track of the costs or benefits that health and safety has on the operations of the company and try to improve the values from previous yearsIt is essential that the communities where these companies carry out their operations are well taken care of. The livelihood of the locals usually depends on their environment and health hence it is essential to take into consideration ways to improve the lives of the people while identify ing possible hazards that may harm their lives.4.0 CONCLUSIONSMOCs should operate effective HSE policies to help them meet safety objectives, productivity targets and improve business opportunities. Regular records should be kept to help identify areas of improvement in the company and provide a track record for clients and all shareholders. spend in effective HSE policies should be one of the major businesses of SMOCs so that they can attain set standards and objectives, and enhance their reputation. There are lots of business benefits associated with implementing effective HSE policies and encouraging strict adherence to these policies. These benefits should be exploited by the SMOCS.REFERENCEA. Antonelli, M. Baker, A. Mcmahon, M. Wright Six SME case studies that demonstrate the business benefit of effective management of occupational health and safety. Crown, 2006.BIBLIOGRAPHYBOC Operating an effective health, safety and environment policy. Further reading can be found athttp/ /businesscasestudies.co.uk/boc/operating-an-effective-safety-health-and-environmental-policy/conclusion.htmlaxzz2Cz7sRYST. (Website assessed 18/11/2012)Frank W Bond, Paul E Flaxman, Sharon Loivette A Business case for the management standards for stress. Crown, 2006.H. Hoel, K. Sparks, C.L. Cooper. The cost of violent/ stress at work and the benefits of a violence/stress- free working environment. Geneva International Labour Organization 2006.

The Decisions We Make In Social Work Social Work Essay

The Decisions We Make In tender Work Social Work EssayHow do we make awardable conclusivenesss in cordial start? Discuss the crop illustrating your arguments with specific wooing examples. moral principleal awareness is a fundamental part of the pro practice of sociable proletarians. Their ability and commitment to act honestly is an essential aspect of the quality of the gain offered to those who use fond drop dead attends. It is an inevitable process that affable histrions everyow find themselves within the dimension of ethical issues which volition no doubt challenge the idiosyncratic and bring aroundwhat some comminuted reflection of action. Some of the problem areas where ethical issues may arise includeThe situation that the loyalty of social inventers is often in the middle of conflicting interests. The fact that social workers function as both helpers and controllers. The conflicts between the duties of social workers to protect the interests of th e people. With whom they work and societal demands for efficiency and utility. The fact that resources in society are limited. Beckett and Maynard (2006) This subsidisation get out address some of the areas where a social worker may run into conflict. To begin this assignment allow examine the importance of value psycheal, professional, societal and organisational it leave behind further examine the vital need for a shared shopping center base of professional determine within social work. It will begin to discuss the complex nature of social work and the guidance found in the grave of ethics when social workers face ethical dilemmas. It will support this concept with a case scenario. The assignment will wherefore discuss an oppositewise area where an ethical dilemmas force out arise, in risk assessment, and will discuss using a case scenario how risk can be managed ethically. The core of the assignment will briefly outline an approach to how an ethical decision can be m ade and will draw on two theoretical aspects within ethical decision qualification. To finish this assignment will account at ethics within federation working(a) where a brief scenario will support the importance of anti-oppressive practice and ethics within organisations. The assignment will then conclude with a summary detailing the need for ethical awareness within social work.Every day social workers are confront with stressful, even traumatic situations, such(prenominal) as domestic violence, chela abuse, the homeless, family tension, mental illness and suicide. Therefore it is fair to say social workers work with the most discriminate groups and vulnerable individuals in society. Clark, (2000) p1 says The service that is provided is curbn as the most contentious of all the human service professions.It is because of the nature of the job, social workers often find themselves dealing with thug decisions about human situations that involve the potential for benefit or pe rvert. Whilst underpinning the decision process is the strong expectation that social workers mustiness(prenominal) be able to sleep the tension between the in effect(p)s and responsibilities of the people who use services and the legitimate requirements of the wider familiar. They must also be able to understand the implications of, and to work effectively and sensitively with, people whose cultures, beliefs or life experiences are different from their own. In all of these situations, they must recognise and put aside any personal prejudices they may crap. correspond to Pinker, social work is, essentially, a moral enterprise Pinker, (1990) p14 whilst Beckett and Maynard, (2006) p189 states Almost all of the important decisions that are made by social workers have a value component.According to Banks, (2006) p6 Values are particular types of belief that people hold about what is regarded as worthy or valuable. Values of the client, profession, organisation and society are an inhering part of decision making. Traditional values of social work was first introduced in the early 60s by Biestek. His article of beliefs outlined the basics of traditional social work and were constructed of a seven-point scheme. The principles consisted of Individualism, Purposeful expression of feelings, Controlled emotional involvement., Acceptance, Non-judgmental attitude, User self-government, Confidentiality.Biestek (1961). Many of Biestek beliefs were very traditional and were criticised for their diversity in their interpretation. Controversies relating to different principles caused many problematic conclusions, for example individuation and confidentiality. Individualisation could not be possible in the fast moving modern world, people lose their identity and individualisation is not noticeed. Confidentiality has its limitations to be enforced for example If a user shares data where someone will be harmed, the social workers duty is to share it as a right to oth er individuals. It was glide by these key issues had to be developed and advanced to help social workers. Furthermore it was considered that there must be guidance on values and ethics for social workers, as they play a major part in their work.Banks, (2006) p150 says There is recognition that personal and confidence values may conflict and that the worker as a person has a moral office to make decisions about these conflicts. Therefore the social work profession is guided by the shared values that underpin its practice set out in the (GSCC 2002) polity of conduct. The code is criteria to guide practice standards and judge accountability from social care workers. The work preventive of social workers deals with individuals who are disadvantaged in some form or another so it is important to have a shared value placement to reflect the ethical problems and dilemmas they face. Working from a professional value is a guide to professional behaviours that maintain identity and can p rotect service users from malpractice. Parrott, (2006) p17. On their own personal values will be of limited use. Beliefs and good intentions will not give the professional the knowledge and skills they need to make sense of a practice situation and intervene in it. The difference between personal and professional values include, professional values can be secernate from personal values, in that personal values may not be shared by all members of an occupational group, for example, a person who works as a social worker may have a personal belief that abortion is wrong, but this is not one of the underlying principles of social work. Banks, (2006), p 7.The GSCC codes of practice contain a list of statements that describe the standards of professional conduct and practice required of social care workers. They are as followed protect the rights and evoke the interests of services users and carers, strive to establish and maintain the trust and confidence of service users and carers, promote the independence of service users while protecting them as far as possible from danger or harm, Respect the rights of service users while seeking to correspond that their behaviour does not harm themselves or other people, Uphold state-supported trust and confidence in social care services and Be accountable for the quality of their work and pick out responsibility for maintain and improving their knowledge and skills GSCC (2002)It is then hardly surprising giving the complex nature of the professional role a social worker may find them self when making decisions within ethical areas facing an ethical dilemma. Theethical dilemma arises when there are two equally unwelcome alternatives which involves a conflict of moral principle and it is not clear which choice is right Banks (2006). When social workers struggle to reach a decision they can be then guided by the code of morality. The primary objective of the Associations code of Ethics is to express the values and princ iples which are integral to social work, and to give guidance on ethical practice. BASW (2001). Loewenverg and Dolgoff (1996) state that Ethic are designed to help social worker decide which of the two or more competing goals iscorrect for their given situational . However alongside ethical awareness you have to be aware of the publicly stated values of your agency and make skilful judgements based upon your accumulated knowledge and experience. respectable considerations are seldom the responsibility of one worker however, agencies policies and structures of accountability offer both guidance and a standard against which your practice can be measured. Accountability, therefore, is the process through which employers and the public can judge the quality of individual workers practice and hold them responsible for their decisions and actions. (Derek Clifford Beverley Burke 2005)Competing values and multiple-client remains are two areas where a social worker may find themselves fac ing an ethical dilemma. Weather it is the social work values that is competing against agency values or within each a confliction of values, which will leave the social worker in need to decide which value will take priority. Also deciding which role the social worker must take in order to reach the right decision can lead to the dilemma of role confliction. Beckett and Maynard (2006) suggest that the role of a social worker can be put into three groups Advocacy, have Change Agent and Executive. The advocacy role can be either direct or indirect. Direct change agent being counsellor or therapist, mediator, educator and catalyst, with executive role as almoner, care manager, responsibility holder, co-ordinator and service developer (Beckett and Maynard 2006 p8).The GSCC (2002) code of conductsays As a social care worker, you must strive to establish and maintain the trust and confidence of service users and carers (s2), which includes Respecting confidential information and clearly explaining agency policies about confidentiality to service users and carers. Consider the following scenario whilst on placement a client disclosed sensitive information to a trainee social worker regarding the well-being of her neighbours children. later clarification that social worker would have to pass this information on to their manager, the client did not wish to consent to the information being passed on. When the supporting alliance had ended, the social worker had to then make a decision based on where there priorities lay. As they were supporting the client who disclosed, they had a responsibility to proceed the standard of respecting her confidentiality. However they also had a responsibility to the wider society which in this case was the children who were at risk of harm.When making the decision they assessed all the information and weighed up the outcomes. Do they withhold the information in order to maintain the trust and respect of the client or do they prioriti ze the needs and risk of the children? They then turned to the agency safeguarding policy and the code of ethics for social workers which clearly states we must not promise to keep secrets for or about a child or young person Agency safeguarding policy, (2010) p10 and further states We aim to safeguard children at all clips, by pitching our services safely and by sharing information when there is a concern.p9. Clearly the value of life outweighed the needs and wishes of the client in this circumstance. However to whom did the social worker owe responsibility and which role should they take in this situation. Banks (2006) p48 clarifies this conflict by suggesting Yet while the social worker may be able to focus largely on one individual service user and take on the role of advocate for the service users rights, often the social worker has to take into account the rights of significant others in a situation. In the interests of jurist it may not always be morally right to promote t he service users rights at the expense of those of othersThe social worker if speculative her judgement, would address the BASW (2001) code of Ethics to guide the outcome of her decision, the code states Social workers will not act without informed consent of service users, unless required by law to protect that person or another from risk of serious harm. (4.1.4 p8) Furthermore it guides us by stating In exceptional circumstances where the priority of the service users interest is outweighed the need to protect others or by legal requirements, make service users aware that their interests may be overridden. (4.1.1 b p8) As you can see the code of ethics guided the social worker to the right course of action that they should take. They were duty bound by law to act on behalf of the individuals who were at most risk.According to Parrot (2010) p86 Risk refers to the likelihood of an event happening which in contemporary circumstances is seen as undesirable. It is when facing issues in volving risk that values execute of central importance in enabling practitioners to manage risk. Consider the following scenario a social worker visits an elderly lady in her home aft(prenominal) a referral is made by the ladies niece. The niece is concerned for the safety of her aunt after a recent decline in her aunts mobility and health which resulted in a taut fall. The niece lives quite far away and cannot provide regular care for her aunt. The lady values her independence and does not want to be put in a residential home which her niece thinks would be for the best however there is a concern able risk that if some form of intervention is not in place the lady is at serious risk of hurting herself further. The social worker is faced with a dilemma. The lady has a right to autonomy and self-determination however there is a risk of potential harm happening. The social worker must risk assess the potential outcomes and measure the risk involved. Which on one hand the individual faces residential care involving losing much personal freedom and autonomy on the other hand to leave a person in their own home to face social isolation and to be potentially at risk of physical danger may also be unwelcome. Social workers have to look to the consequences of their actions and weight up which action would be least harmful / most beneficial to the user, and which action would benefit most efficiently Parrott (2010) p51 While Kemshall (2002) p128 argues, risk management cannot guarantee to prevent risk. It can attempt to limit the chances of risky situations tuning into dangerous ones or reduce the consequences of such situations. As she suggests, minimization rather than reduction is the key.In other words to approach this situation the social worker will identify the social work values that is embedded in the their practice which is As a social care worker, you must respect the rights of the service users while seeking to ensure that their behaviour does not harm themselves or other people. (GSCC 2002 s4). For further guidance the social worker will identify with the code of ethics which states we may limit clients rights to self-determination when, in the social workers professional judgment, clients actions or potential actions pose a serious, foreseeable, and imminent risk to themselves or others, but it also tells us that we are to promote clientsself-determination enactment of Ethics (1.02). Weighing up the outcomes of the individual the social worker will be committed to allowing the individual choice and empowerment. And work with the elderly lady to ensure her self-determination remains able whilst also advocating on the ladies behalf to ensure she is able to access services which will allow her to live a safe fencesitter life. Thompson (2005,p170) cited on blackboard says it is the social workers role to enable service users and carers to gain power and control over their own lives and circumstances..to help people to have a voic e..so that they counter the negative effects of discrimination and marginalization whilst Hatton (2008, p145) cited on(class PowerPoint 2011) sees social workers role as energetic change agents to create an empowered and active group of service users and carers who hold us to account, share in our decision making and participate actively in the way we deliver servicesSocial work decisions span a wide range from safeguarding through to allocation services and advising clients and families on courses of action to modify their lives. As we can see some decisions may involve a breach of confidentiality and assessment of high risks such as a vulnerable adult in need of services to modify their quality of life and prevent harm even death. It is important therefore for social workers to be able to justify their actions. Social worker therefore must draw upon a variety of professional knowledge such as law, policy, research, theory, standards, principles and practice wisdom to inform complex and sensitive judgements and decisions in uncertain situations where harm may ensue. Much of what social workers do concerns decisions about future courses of action, which puts decision making at the heart of social work as a core professional activity. Banks (2006) p9This assignment will now examine how the ethical dilemma can be resolvedby discussingan approach to guide the process of ethical decisions in practice. We have identified that social workers are expected to critically examine ethical issues in order to come to a resolution that is reconciled with social work values and ethical principles. However how is the social worker able to organize all the components relevant to the decision and outcomes. One example of a model to help assist the social worker reach resolution is Mattison (2000, p.206) His model offers a framework to analyse ethical dilemmas such as make up ones mind and gather information Once the social worker has identified an ethical dilemma, they begin the process of making a decision by fully exploring case details and gathers needed information to understand holistically the clients current circumstances. Supporting this is Horner (2005 p97) who says that social workers are to engage holistically with both the person and their circumstances whilst at the same time recognizing the processes of power dynamics at the play in the helping relationshipIt is then important for the social worker to distinguish the practice aspects of the case from the ethical considerations (so separate practice from how you have learned to think about ethical issues). Identify value tensions The social worker must refer to the professional code of ethics to help clarify obligations and identify the principles that have a bearing on the dilemma The social worker projects, weighs, and measures the possible courses of action that seem commonsense and the potential consequences of these The social worker after weighing up options must select an act ion for resolving a dilemma. This involves determining which of the competing obligations are we going to honour foremost (this may mean at the expense of others). The social worker reaches the resolution stage and this means being able to justify the decision.To further this ideas of modulate on decisions It is also vitally important for social workers to take time to reflect on their practice and own values. This is a vital point because although guides and frameworks can be developed to offer social workers a logical approach to the decision making process, to some extent, the use of discretionary judgments is evitable (Mattison, 2000). The value system and preferences of the decision maker ultimately shape the process of working through dilemmas and so it is important for social workers to be ethically aware of their office, philosophies, attitudes and biases. Furthermore, philosophers have argued that elements of deontological and teleological thinking operate in and influenc es decision making in ethical dilemmas. A deontological thinker is grounded in the belief that actions can be determined right or wrong, good or bad, regardless of the consequences they produce and so adherence to rules is central. Once formulated, ethical rules should hold under all circumstances (Mattison, 2000). On the other hand a teleological thinker is ground in the belief of consequences and so weighing up the potential consequences of proposed actions is central to this way of thinking (Mattison, 2000). So a social worker following a deontological way of thinking will differ in their approach to ethical decision making compared with a social worker following a teleological way of thinking.As part of the profession social workers often find them self-working collaboratively with other professionals such as doctors, police, nurses, teachers and probation officers to name but a few. Considering the variety of different professions merging to reach possible outcomes it is not su rprising that league working becomes a complex problem. in the main because of the assumptions that we are all working towards a collective aim. Bates cited in Parrot (2010.) Different values, ideologies, ethics and culture of working can too lead to confliction of interests. sound partnerships require sustained relationships, shared agendas built up over time and a commitment to shared problem solving. When different professional groupings come unitedly in collaboration then they bring with them their own ways of working, organisational cultures and attitudes, their particular practice experience and their own ethical codes Parrot (2010)Consider the following scenario a social work student commitment to anti oppressive practice is clearly challenged whilst on placement. The voluntary organisation which they are placed with worked in partnership with the crown court. One day as they were waiting for an expected family, to whom they were supporting, they are then approached by an usher (a worker of the court justice system). He commented on the family jokingly sayingOh no not that family again they are low life Jeremy Kyle watching scroungers, they bring the trouble on themselves. This use of stereotypical diction discriminated and negatively challenged the whole purpose of the organisations aims which is to value diversity, whilst also conflicting with section 5 of the core values of the GSCC You must not discriminate unlawfully or unjustifiably against service users, carers or colleagues (GSCC 2002 5.5) Parrot (2010 ) suggests There is no appropriate way at which a social worker can condone such language weather they choose to confront the issue at hand or make a formal complaint. Parrott (2010) further states what is the point in partnership working with fellow professionals only to result in the dilution of the social workers value base and the demeaning of service users. The point of partnership working is not to deliver appropriate services to service users only to have them undermined by some partners exhibiting discriminatory attitudes.What if in the scenario discussed above, the discriminatory attitudes and beliefs of the usher, was an unconscious influence to the social workers approach when working with the individuals involved in the scenario. This could result in an already marginalised group becoming oppressed further. Thompson, (2005 p34) describes oppression as Inhuman or degrading treatment of individuals or groups in hardship and in justice brought about by the dominance of one group over another the negative and demeaning exercise of power. heaviness often involves disregarding the rights of an individual or group and this is a denial of citizenship.Thompson further suggests that oppression can act at three levels, these levels of oppression offers a framework for looking at how inequalities and discrimination manifest themselves. Personal level which relates to an individuals thoughts, feelings, attitudes and acti ons. Cultural level which looks at shared ways of seeing, thinking, and doing. Structural level relates to matters such as policy. Thompson (2005 p21 -23) Abramson 1996 cited in Mattison (2000) supports this by saying The process of the decision making is forged by the prejudice and prejudgement brought to the decision making process by the decision maker. Therefore social workers as agents of change attempt to alleviate inequalities and oppression within societies and need to be aware of the values underlying their work by referring to the code of ethics. By adopting values and anti-oppressive practice such as advocacy social workers will be able to make informed decisions in addressing aspects, which relate to the provision of services to individuals who may have differing needs. Parrott (2010 p23) describes Anti oppressive practice (AOP)as a general value orientation towards countering oppression experient by service users on such grounds as race, gender class age etc. AOP are a lso values of working in partnership and empowerment.Social workers and their employers have an ethical duty to ensure that the organisations they work for operate in a just manner Parrot (2010) Social work organisations therefore must uphold the portrayal that social work is something worthy and the operation of its organisation will lead to positive outcomes. The commitment to social justice ensures public organisations work under legislation to eliminate unlawful discrimination and to promote equality of opportunity and good relations between persons of different racial groups. Expectations of the social care employee are prompted by the GCSS code of conduct. For example in the case scenario discussed above if the attitudes of the usher was another social worker within an organization the social worker would act on guidance on policy procedure and ensure the commitment to social justice was withheld. If the other social workers attitudes towards service users resulted in unfair t reatment and inequality of services than they are not upholding the ethical principles of effective practice stated in the IFSW (1994) Social workers should recognise and respect the ethnic and cultural diversity of the societies in which they practise, taking account of individual, family, group and community differences. S4.2.2 Therefore the other social worker would have a responsibility to Challenging unjust practices Social workers have a duty to bring to the attention of their employers, policy makers, politicians and the general public situations where resources are inadequate or where statistical distribution of resources, policies and practices are oppressive, unfair or harmful.s4.2.1If the other social worker is ethically aware and challenges injustice it is their moral obligation to bring to the attention of the organisation the other social workers behaviour. The social worker would participate in whistle blowing Parrot (2010) p154 defines whistle blowing as The disclosu re by an employee, in a government agency or private enterprise, to the public or to those in authority, of mismanagement, corruption, illegality or some other wrongdoing. The organisation will then deal directly with the moral character of the social workers discriminatory attitudes.In conclusion social work can be a challenging subject and one that will actively drudge the boundaries of all social workers on a personal level and professional level. It is agreed within social work that ethics, morals and values are all an inescapable part of professional practice and Ethical awareness is a necessary part of practice of any social work (IFSW, 1994). However as this assignment has discussed guides can be provided but inevitability it is up to the social workers discretionary judgement of the circumstances. Arguably It is therefore important as a social worker to be aware of the code of ethics, and to talk, discuss, debrief and debate with colleagues and supervisors about dilemmas th ey may be struggling with. Finally, the onus is on social workers to be contemplative about themselves and how self influences practice and decision making. To finish we have to be critically aware of personal beliefs and biases, bringing them to light so they do not unconsciously influence our practice decisions, leading to injustice and unfair distribution and access to services. Service users must be put at the heart of social work practice and it is our duty as social workers to take any necessary steps within our organisations to ensure mistreatment and inequality is brought to surface. We can therefore improve public trust within the social service profession and encourage service users to work in partnership to empower their lives.ReferencesAgency Safe guarding Policy, (2010)Banks, S., (2006). Ethics and Values in Social Work .3rd Ed. Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan,BASW (2001) The Code of Ethics for Social Work,Beckett, C. Maynard, A.,( 2005). Values and Ethics in Social Wor k An Introduction, London SageBiestek,F. (1971). The Casework Relationship, seventh Ed Unwin University Books.Clark, C. (2000) Social Work Ethics Politics, Principles and Practice. Basingstoke MacMillanClass PowerPoint, Values and Ethics, Blackboard (2011)Clifford, D Burke, B, Anti-oppressive Ethics, Social Work Education, Vol. 24, No. 6, September (2005), pp. 677-692GSCC (2002) Codes of Practice for Social flush Workers and Employers, London GSCCHorner, N. (2005) What is Social Work? Context and Perspectives. Exeter Learning MattersInternational Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) available at http//www.ifsw.org/p38000324.html, accessed on 12/05/2011Kemshall, H and Pritchard, J (1996) good Practice in Risk Assessment and Risk Management. London Jessica Kingsley PublishersLoewenberg, F. and Dolgoff, R. (1996) Ethical Choices in the Helping Professions. Ethical Decisions for Social Work Practice, 5th ed., Illinois Peacock PublishersMattison, M. (2000) Ethical Decision Making The P erson in the Process Social Work Vol.45(3), pp.201-212.Parrott, L, (2010) Values and ethics in social work practice 2nd ed, instruction matters ExeterPinker, R. (1990) Social Work in an Enterprise Society, London Routledge.Thompson, N, (2005). Understanding Social Work Preparing for Practice. 2nd Ed. Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.

Nonverbal Communication A Universal Language English Language Essay

Nonverbal Communication A Universal Language English Language EssayNonverbal discourse is the mode we talk, without talking, and whether it is recognize or not, every human being in the world speaks this language. Non-verbal communication is an accent to the verbal part of language, and can be done in several(a) ways. Although every person in the world expresses him/herself with nonverbal communication, it does not mean every person in the world speaks the same language. This paper will concentrate on on several aspects of nonverbal communication that can be found throughout the world, and comparing those looks, gestures, body positioning and appearances with those typically found in spousal relationship American.AppearanceAs earlierly mentioned, nonverbal communication is typically thought of as how an individual may look at some others or gesture with their body, however generally speaking, the first form of non-verbal communication being projected, and subsequently transl ated, is that of an individuals overall appearance. Deciphering an individuals wardrobe is typically based upon previous experiences with individuals who have been dressed in a similar fashion. For example, while walking through a mall, one encounters a tall, lanky, high school teenage boy. His hair is black and brushed across his eyes. His complexion is pale, he is wearing very dark, baggy clothes in addition to dark eyeliner and heavy, metal face jewelry.Based upon someones previous experiences with this type of individual, they may instanter translate his appearance to mean, keep away from me I dont want to talk with anyone and I am not your friend. However, another individual may have had unalike experiences with individuals dressed in this manner, and may be deciphering the non-verbal communication as, Im confused I dont know where I am going I need help. A persons previous experiences, may either cause an individual to avoid the teenager by either ducking into a random st ore or walk agone quickly, while directing their to the floor, or contrariwise, look at the boy and smile, offering silent encouragement. It is unknown at this point whether or not this is an individual to be avoided or someone to be helped.Therefore, past experiences can have an impact on how one may perceive others, simply based upon how they are dressed. concord the different opinions that can arise from such a simple example as the boy in the mall, one might ask, Should we judge a go for by its cover? The young man may actually have modified his appearance because he felt it made him look more attractive. He may have watched the Twilight movie series and felt this to be the way he should dress in order to attract the opposite sex. If this is the case, whence we can expect to find similar appearance-altering practices in other cultures.Appearance-Altering CulturesAs with the young man in the mall, there are many examples of appearance-altering behaviors in other cultures that may seem unusual or even bizarre to those in the United States (U.S.). Like the U.S., the appearance alterations performed within other cultures may be sensed as beautiful and possibly an indication of social status. A good example is that of pedestal binding in China, also known as white lotus Feet. Foot binding has been done for thousands of years in China, thought to be a means of keeping women from abandoning husbands and family. Binding begins with a baby girl, conforming her foot muscles and bones to be able to fit in very tiny shoes. Though the feet may appear small and pure, the womans ability to walk is greatly curb and leads to medical complications later in life. This practice is still done in some parts of China today, and is thought to depict wealth and a delicate demeanor.Other examples of beauty include the Mangbettu women of Africa who have their heads very tightly wrapped during childhood, thereby elongating the skull the Mayans who would strap boards on each side of childrens heads so that their skulls would be shape and finally, the Burmese women, whom put one-inch thick rings around their necks to hire them longer.Based upon preconceived notions, cultural norms and possibly ignorance, it can be easy for individuals to misunderstand the non-verbal communication of appearance. It may not always be easy for people to remember that what may be foreign to those in the U.S. is another cultures normal.GesturesAlmost everyone knows the story of chairperson George H. W. Bush in Australia, in which he intended to make what is known as the peace sign in the U.S., toward people gathered to protest his visit. Unfortunately, he made the gesture the wrong way causing great furor in the Australian tabloids. Now this case was a simple mistake, but none-the-less a mistake. Gestures are not something to be taken lightly the wrong signal at the wrong time, directed toward individuals of a different culture, could get you into some prodigious trouble in a handful of countries.Gestures are the accent to verbal communication. Due to the fact that one wrong gesture could hurt you, I will give various examples of gestures from different cultures. I will describe their action and then their meaning compared to North American translation.In Ethiopia there are ii gestures for silence. A woman will put one finger to her spill the beans when directing silence to a child, but will put four fingers to her mouth when directing silence to an adult. Four fingers are used towards adults because one finger is disrespectful. Another one-finger act is that of tapping the forefinger to the side of the nose. In some cultures, it signals secrecy or confidentiality. But in the United Kingdom, Holland, and Austria, if the tap is on the front of the nose it quite frankly means, Mind your own business.The OK gesture, it means okay even off? In America and England, yes, but, in Japan it means money. In Latin American and France it is an insult, most c ommonly known as flipping the bird. In Australia it means Zero, and in Germany it may mean either a job well done or, an offensive insult, depending on which region you visit. In Turkey, if someone directs the OK sign at you, they are referring to you as a homosexualThe next gesture is one that is relatively familiar, the V for victory sign. In the U.S., the victory symbol was expressed by raising the index and middle finger in the form of V and bending the third and fourth finger to touch the tip of the thumb. This symbol was popularized by Richard Nixon in America. The V sign is considered rude in Italy and if you are showing the outside of your hand, then it is a form insult, which is established in Great Britain, Ireland, Australia and juvenile Zealand (Sengupta 2010).To beckon someone, is to signal them to come towards you. In America the beckoning signal is the palm up with all of the fingers together except the index finger. You then begin to make a curling motion with your index finger towards you. In China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and in the Philippines, that particular motion is used only for animals. In these countries, the beckoning signal is placing your palm downwards and curls the fingers in a scratching motion towards your body.The crossed-finger gesture, (good luck in America) has several other meanings. In Turkey when the crossed fingers are directed to an individual it is the rift of a friendship. In other cultures it is used to seal/swear an oath to someone.Each of these gestures we recognize and fully understand the gain, and consequences of their actions. But what we have learned is that little, to none of our gestures meant the same in any other cultures.ConclusionNonverbal communication can be a tricky language to decipher. It is expressed in the way a person appears (dresses) and various body gestures. How this nonverbal communication is interpreted is generally based upon an individuals past experiences and cultural norms. Therefore, it is good advice for anyone seeking to make their alimentation as a communicator in a global marketplace, that they not only understand the nonverbal communication nuances of their own culture, but to educate themselves in the nonverbal forms of communication of other cultures.

Expectations :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

ExpectationsPeople often do things they dont necessarily mean to do. The unripe Langston Hughes one time stood up and pretended to have seen and been touched by Jesus. He did this not because he really saw Jesus, but because others expected it of him. Although others rejoiced on his behalf, he was hangdog for having lied to them. Similarly, I myself have undergone an experience in which I acted in a way that was foreign to my nature.At the age of eight, I was living in the Philippines. In my little town of Ilocos Norte, thither was a man who was mentally retarded. To me, he was this towering giant who could easily squash little kids like a bug. People mostly stayed outside(a) from him, especially children. In fact, just the sight of him struck terror in their little hearts. As for me, I mostly avoided him. However, there were some teenage kids who made it their job to make his life miserable.For instance, whe neer they saw him, they laughed and pointed at him, as well as taunting and calling him names. Nevertheless, he never talked back or yelled at them. I used to wonder why he never defended himself. After all, he could easily scare them away with a growl or a mean expression. One day, I passed by him on my way to the store. He was sitting on a chairperson all by himself wearing the saddest expression on his face. A part of me was tempted to go over to him and cheer him up. The other part, however, was wary and cautious of a stranger. each too soon, his tormentors showed up. Two of the boys went behind him and pushed his chair. Toppling clumsily to the ground, he looked awkward and funny. The teens all started laughing hysterically even though I found nothing remotely humorous about the situation. Nevertheless, when the boys looked at me, I started to laugh as well, pretending to have enjoyed their little joke. However, my laughter died the second I looked into the mans eyes. beholding his eyes shining with tears and hurt, I was horrified at my behavior . I was ashamed that not only had I laughed at him, but that I had do nothing to help him while he was being taunted and tormented.This memory and its moral lesson have stayed with me ever since. My only excuse for my shameful behavior was that I was young and easily influenced by the

The Iliad of Homer :: essays research papers

The IliadImportant CharactersAgamemnon king of Mycenae brother of MenelaosHektor Prince of troy weight son of Priam and HekubaAchilles greatest warrior of the Achaian armyAias song of Telamon he has brute strength andcourageMenelaos husband of Helen brother of Agamemnongenus Paris a prince of Troy also son of Priam andHekubaPriam King of Troy very old spellHelen wife of Menelaos most beautiful woman Inthe worldDiomedes one of the best Achaian warriorsHekuba wife of PriamAeneas son of Aphrodite TrojanAphrodite Daughter of Zeus goddess of love obtainof Aeneas patron of Paris on the TrojanssideAthena daughter of Zeus goddess of wisdom onthe Achaian sideAres son of Zeus god of prophecy, light, poetry,and music on the Trojans sideZeus supreme god and king of OlymposPoseidon younger brother of Zeus god of seaChryseis and Briseis who were captured during a raid in Troy argon awardedas war look upons to Agamemnon and Achilles. Chryseis for Agamemnon and Briseisfor Achilles. Chryseis is the daughter of Chryses which prays Apollo to helpget back his daughter. Apollo causes a deadly plague in the Achaian camp.Achilles asked Kalchas to explain the cause of Apollos anger. Apollo plaguedthe Achaians because Agamemnon refused to return Chryseis to her father.Agamemnon demands Achilles war prize in place of Chryseis. Achilles becauseangry at Agamemnons demand and withdraws his troops from the Achaian army.Agamemnon returns Chryseis to her father then collects Briseis from Achilles.Strangely, Achilles gives him the girl. Then, Achilles decides to tell hismother about the problem. Achilles asks his mother to ask Zeus to recognize surethat the Trojans win. Thetis goes to Zeus and asks and he agrees to help theTrojans.Agamemnon has a dream that he can defeat the Trojans so, full of falsehope, he planned a flowerpot assault on Troy. Agamemnon orders his army to preparethemselves to attack. When the news of the Achaian plan arrived in Troy, Hektorordered his troops to meet th e Achaians on the plain in front of Troy.Paris dares any of the Achaian warriors to fight him personally. Then,Menelaos accepted the challenge. But, Paris is suddenly scared and backs out.Hektor then fines Paris and scolds him. The agreement was whoever won getsHelen, then the war would be over. They fight on a large open area between thearmies. Menelaos hurts Paris then Aphrodite saves Paris and brings him to hisbedroom in Troy, where she also brings Helen. Then Agamemnon announces thatMenelaos has won.Hera wants the complete destruction of Troy so Zeus sends Athena to getthem fighting again.

Intentions of Alexander II and the Failure of the Emancipation of the S

Intentions of Alexander II and the Failure of the Emancipation of the Serfs In the 19th century it was estimated that about 50 per cent of the 40,000,000 peasants in Russia were serfs, who worked on the land and were owned by the Russian nobility, the Tsar and religious foundations. This had been true for centuries in 1861, however, this was all changed when Tsar Alexander II emancipated the serfs and gave them freedom from ownership. Alexanders determination was based on many reasons, and did not have the desired consequences, for the serfs at least. Therefore, it is possible to question Alexanders motives for such large reform, which this essay bequeath do and will also look at why the emancipation, which had been anticipated for so long, was such a failure. In the mid and late nineteenth century the whole of western sandwich Europe underwent immense change, both economically and socially, due to the industrial revolution. Factories, railways and indus trial cities were built at an astonishing rate, and trade between countries became even more all-important(a) as agriculture became less important. In order to survive as a strong power in this new economic and social climate, Russia take to be able to compete in industrial terms with the rest of the world, particularly as its agriculture was under threat already. Even though four-fifths of the cosmos were peasants, a prosperous and thriving faming economy had never fully developed, party because of the land itself - much of Russia lay too far north to have acres good enough for either crop-growing or cattle-rearing. From 1840 onwards, the need for serious reform became apparent to the Tsar ... ...of the Emancipation Act show that the real needs and wants of the serfs were not properly considered, and, although he probably believed that what he was doing was right for Russia, Alexanders reforms were based more on his fear of uprising and his vision of an industrialised Russia. Emancipation failed, therefore, because Alexander II forced a freedom onto the serfs that they were neither prepared for nor welcoming of. Bibliography www.spartacus.schoolsnet.co.uk www.pvhs.chico.k12.ca.us Access to History, Reaction and Revolutions Russia 1881-1924 Michael Lynch (2000) Challenging History Europe 1890-1990 1 Michael Lynch, Russian 1881-1924 (2000) p. 10 2 E Acton, Russia, p.75 (1986) 3 Russell Sherman, Russia 1815-81 (1992) p. 58 4 Jake Axel, www.webserver.rcds.rye.ny.us

Electromagnetic Induction :: science

Electromagnetic InductionThe phenomenon called electromagnetic induction was first noticed and investigated by Michael Faraday, in 1831. Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (emf) in a conductor as a result of a changing magnetic field well-nigh the conductor and is a very important concept. Faraday discovered that, whenever the magnetic field about an electromagnet was made to grow and collapse by closing and opening the electric car circuit of which it was a part, an electric current could be detected in a separate conductor confiningby. Faraday also investigated the possibility that a current could be scored by a magnetic field being placed near a coiled wire. Just placing the magnet near the wire could not produce a current. Faraday discovered that a current could be produced in this situation only if the magnet had some velocity. The magnet could be moved in every a positive or negative direction but had to be in motion to produce any current in the wire. The current in the coil is called an induced current, because the current is brought about (or induced) by a changing magnetic field (Cutnell and Johnson 705). The induced current is sustained by an emf. Since a source of emf is always needed to produce a current, the coil itself behaves as if it were a source of emf. The emf is known as an induced emf. Thus, a changing magnetic field induces an emf in the coil, and the emf leads to an induced current (705). He also found that moving a conductor near a stationary permanent magnet caused a current to flow in the wire as long as it was moving as in the magnet and coiled wire set-up. Faraday visualized a magnetic field as composed of many lines of induction, along which a small magnetic arena would point. The aggregate of the lines intersecting a given area is called the magnetic flux. Faraday attributed the electrical effects to a changing magnetic flux. The necessity of motion to produce a current is due to the fact tha t electromagnetic induction involves a time-varying magnetic field. The same effects can be produced by moving the coil toward and off from a motionless magnetic source. In either case, the key to producing the current is certainly the motion of the magnet or the wire. The magnetic lines of the magnetic field mustiness pass through a loop of the coiled wire.